Waggoner Library: Citation Tools: Chicago or Turabian Academic Citation Style

Citation & Writing Help

Citation & Writing Help Options

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What is the Chicago Style?

This guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), 17th Edition, published in 2017. Following the Notes & Bibliography system.

The Chicago referencing style is in a footnote form that uses a numbered system.

This enables the reader to see the full bibliographic details of the source on the page where the reference is made. The complete list of resources used (bibliography) is given at the end of the work.

The CMOS has two systems for layout and presentation:

Notes & Bibliography uses a system of notes (footnotes or endnotes) and a bibliography. It is preferred for publications in literature, history, and arts.
Author-Date: uses in-text author-date citations and a reference list. It is preferred for publications in sciences and social sciences.

This guide presents the Notes & Bibliography Chicago Manual of Style

A note of clarification:

Bibliography:
- Heading used for a Notes & Bibliography (NB) formatted paper.
- All the literature read on a subject but not necessarily cited in the text
- The literature is cited in the text.
Reference list:
- Not used for an NB formatted paper. But appropriate for an Author/Date formatted paper.
- All the sources are cited in the text with all bibliographical information.

CMOS: Sample Notes & Bibliography Formatted Paper
Use this paper to view how quotations or footnotes/endnotes are formatted in the paper. An example offered by the OWL@Purdue.

Why should you cite sources?

To acknowledge other author's ideas that have influenced your work or that you have adapted to your work.
To support the arguments in your text.
To protect the 'intellectual property' of the original author.
To provide the readers with full bibliographic details about the works cited.
To avoid accusations of plagiarism.
To demonstrate your critical thinking skills and your ability to analyze complex information.

How do you cite sources?

In academic writing, it is important that you cite every idea, information, or data that you have borrowed or derived from another text. In this way, you give recognition to the original author and avoid plagiarism.

Note: There are several ways which you can use to integrate the ideas of others within your text.

By direct quotation: directly taking the words of another author and identifying them in your text with quotation marks.
By paraphrasing: putting the ideas into your own words, restating their meaning, in more detail.
By summarizing: writing an overview of the original text by using your own words, in less detail than paraphrasing.

CMOS: Sample Citations
Here you'll find sample citations following the Notes & Bibliography format, part of CMOS Online resources
OWL@Purdue: Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) 17th ed.
From the OWL@Purdue examples and guidelines to apply CMOS NB Formatting.

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) 17th Ed.- Print Book by University of Chicago Press
Call Number: Ref. Z 253 .U69 2017
ISBN: 9780226287058
Publication Date: 2017
This seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style has been prepared with an eye toward how we find, create, and cite information that readers are as likely to access from their pockets as from a bookshelf. It offers updated guidelines on electronic workflows and publication formats, tools for PDF annotation and citation management, web accessibility standards, and effective use of metadata, abstracts, and keywords. Key sections on punctuation and basic citation style have been reorganized and clarified.

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